Sai, Master Thopterist makes a 1/1 flying Thopter whenever you cast an artifact spell, and for {1}{U} and two sacrificed artifacts she draws a card. The more artifact spells you cast, the more fliers and the more sacrifice fodder you have.
The precon has the artifact base to do that, with cost reducers like Etherium Sculptor and Foundry Inspector and big artifact creatures like Thought Monitor and Master of Etherium. Each swap below pairs a cut with an add, and every card is scored with the same numbers the Oracle uses to build decks: synergy and inclusion from the Sai decks, plus lift, which shows how much more often a card turns up in Sai decks than in decks that could play it.
Looking for the unmodified list first? Read the Keen Engineering precon guide.
What is holding the deck back
Not enough Thopter engines
Efficient Construction does what Sai does, a Thopter for every artifact spell you cast, and it is played in 62% of Sai decks, but the precon leaves it out. Stridehangar Automaton and Skullclamp are the other top cards the deck is missing.
Cards that work against the plan
Nevinyrral's Disk destroys all artifacts, creatures and enchantments, which is most of your own board. Scrawling Crawler and Psychosis Crawler make every player draw or only reward holding cards, and neither one adds to the artifact count.
A lot of mana for an affinity deck
Forty lands (thirty-four of them Islands) plus ten mana artifacts and creatures, including Sol Ring, Arcane Signet, Mind Stone, Thought Vessel and two Myr. An affinity deck gets cheaper as the board grows, so it can afford to trade tapped lands for spells.
The 14 swaps
Each pair shows the numbers for the card coming out and the card going in. Click a card image to zoom.

Fall from Favor taps a creature and makes you the monarch, which gives the whole table a reason to attack you. It is in about one Sai deck in fourteen.
Efficient Construction costs {3}{U}: whenever you cast an artifact spell, create a 1/1 flying Thopter. That is exactly what Sai does, so with both out every artifact spell makes two Thopters.

Pull from Tomorrow is an X spell that draws and discards, and it does nothing for the artifact count.
Stridehangar Automaton is a three-mana artifact creature: Thopters you control get +1/+1, and whenever artifact tokens would be created under your control, they are created plus an extra 1/1 flying Thopter. Every Thopter from Sai and Efficient Construction brings another one.

Psychosis Crawler is a five-mana artifact creature whose size is the number of cards in your hand. In a deck that wants to empty its hand, it is usually a small body.
Skullclamp costs {1}, and equip is {1}: equipped creature gets +1/-1, and when it dies you draw two cards. Put it on a 1/1 Thopter and every token is a card. It is a very strong card, and played in more than half of Sai decks.

Mazemind Tome scries or draws for {2} and a tap each time, and runs out after a few uses.
Emry, Lurker of the Loch has affinity for artifacts, so she is cheap once you have a few. She mills four cards when she enters, and you can tap her to cast an artifact card from your graveyard. That recasts a Sol Ring or any artifact that has been destroyed, and it is an artifact spell for Sai.

Cultivator's Caravan is a three-mana rock that crews for 3, in a deck with ten other mana sources.
Hangarback Walker is an artifact creature for {X}{X} that grows with {1} and a tap, and makes a Thopter for each +1/+1 counter when it dies. It is flexible on any turn, a good Skullclamp target, and an artifact spell that triggers Sai.

Mind's Eye costs five and only draws if you pay {1} each time an opponent draws, so it is slow and expensive.
Chief Engineer costs {1}{U} and gives your artifact spells convoke: each creature you tap pays for {1} (or one mana of its colour). With Sai's Thopters on the table, you can cast artifacts for almost nothing, and each one triggers Sai again.

Scrawling Crawler makes each player draw a card at your upkeep and costs each opponent 1 life whenever they draw. It gives every opponent a card each turn, which is risky in a pod.
Sharding Sphinx is a 4/4 flying artifact creature for {4}{U}{U}. Whenever an artifact creature you control deals combat damage to a player, you may create a 1/1 blue Thopter with flying. Every Thopter you already have makes more Thopters.

Nevinyrral's Disk is a board wipe that also destroys all artifacts, so it hurts a deck made of artifacts more than almost any opponent.
Tezzeret, Artifice Master is a five-mana planeswalker: +1 creates a 1/1 flying Thopter, and 0 draws a card, or two if you control three or more artifacts. A planeswalker that makes a Thopter each turn and draws every turn.

This is the first of two land swaps. Remote Isle enters tapped and cycles for {2}, in a deck with 40 lands.
Seat of the Synod is an artifact land that taps for {U}. It adds to every artifact count (affinity, Master of Etherium) and counts as one of the two artifacts you can sacrifice to Sai.

The second land swap, taking the deck from 40 to 38 lands. Lonely Sandbar enters tapped and cycles for {U}.
Retrofitter Foundry costs {1}. For {2} and a tap it makes a Servo, and it turns Servos into Thopters and Thopters into bigger Constructs. It is an artifact that makes artifact tokens every turn, feeding Skullclamp, Stridehangar Automaton and Sai's sacrifice.

Propaganda ({2}{U}) is one of the lowest-scoring cards in the precon, at 6 in the Oracle: it is in 25% of Sai decks with -7% synergy. It reads: Creatures can't attack you unless their controller pays {2} for each creature they control that's attacking you.
Mystic Forge ({4}) scores 44: it is in 50% of Sai decks with 40% synergy. It reads: You may look at the top card of your library any time. You may cast artifact spells and colorless spells from the top of your library. {T}, Pay 1 life: Exile the top card of your library.

Spire Golem ({6}) is one of the lowest-scoring cards in the precon, at 6 in the Oracle: it is in 6% of Sai decks with 6% synergy. It reads: Affinity for Islands. Flying.
Ornithopter ({0}) scores 41: it is in 46% of Sai decks with 38% synergy. It reads: Flying.

Skysovereign, Consul Flagship ({5}) is one of the lowest-scoring cards in the precon, at 10 in the Oracle: it is in 11% of Sai decks with 10% synergy. It reads: Flying. Whenever Skysovereign enters or attacks, it deals 3 damage to target creature or planeswalker an opponent controls. Crew 3.
Idol of Oblivion ({2}) scores 39: it is in 42% of Sai decks with 38% synergy. It reads: {T}: Draw a card. Activate only if you created a token this turn. {8}, {T}, Sacrifice this artifact: Create a 10/10 colorless Eldrazi creature token.

Memory Guardian ({4}{U}) is one of the lowest-scoring cards in the precon, at 11 in the Oracle: it is in 11% of Sai decks with 10% synergy. It reads: Affinity for artifacts. Flying.
Bident of Thassa ({2}{U}{U}) scores 39: it is in 47% of Sai decks with 34% synergy. It reads: Whenever a creature you control deals combat damage to a player, you may draw a card. {1}{U}, {T}: Creatures your opponents control attack this turn if able.
The full swap list
Cut
- Fall from Favor
- Pull from Tomorrow
- Psychosis Crawler
- Mazemind Tome
- Cultivator's Caravan
- Mind's Eye
- Scrawling Crawler
- Nevinyrral's Disk
- Remote Isle
- Lonely Sandbar
- Propaganda
- Spire Golem
- Skysovereign, Consul Flagship
- Memory Guardian
Add
- Efficient Construction
- Stridehangar Automaton
- Skullclamp
- Emry, Lurker of the Loch
- Hangarback Walker
- Chief Engineer
- Sharding Sphinx
- Tezzeret, Artifice Master
- Seat of the Synod
- Retrofitter Foundry
- Mystic Forge
- Ornithopter
- Idol of Oblivion
- Bident of Thassa
What to keep
These cards are doing the deck's heavy lifting. Do not cut them.
- Etherium Sculptor$0.36
Played in 88% of Sai decks. Makes every artifact spell cost {1} less, which is more Thopters for the same mana. - Foundry Inspector$0.31
A second cost reducer for artifact spells, and also an artifact itself. - Thopter Spy Network$0.22
A Thopter every upkeep if you control an artifact, and a card whenever your artifact creatures connect. - Steel Overseer$0.24
Puts a +1/+1 counter on each artifact creature you control, including every Thopter, every turn. - Master of Etherium$0.26
Grows with every artifact and gives your other artifact creatures +1/+1.
If you want to spend more
These are strong but sit outside a budget upgrade. Prices are the cheapest paper printing.
- Liberator, Urza's Battlethopter$7.27
A flash flier that lets you cast artifact and colorless spells at instant speed. Strong, but it costs more than a budget upgrade should. - Whir of Invention$5.61
An X spell with improvise that tutors an artifact onto the battlefield, which is a huge engine in an artifact deck.
Keen Engineering's artifact base is already what players build around Sai. The upgrade is more Thopter engines, so each artifact makes two or three tokens, fewer cards that help opponents or destroy your own board, and a mana base that trades tapped lands for spells. These fourteen swaps cost about $23 in total.
Want a full 100-card list built around Sai, Master Thopterist from today's data?
Build with The Oracle →Frequently asked questions
What are the best upgrades for the Keen Engineering precon?
Using data from 4,460 Sai decks, the highest-scoring additions are Efficient Construction (for Fall from Favor), Stridehangar Automaton (for Pull from Tomorrow) and Skullclamp (for Psychosis Crawler). The full list has 14 swaps, each scored with synergy, inclusion and lift.
How much does it cost to upgrade Keen Engineering?
All 14 swaps cost about $22.66 at the cheapest paper printings (TCGplayer market prices via Scryfall, 2026-10-27). If you want to spend more, the guide also covers Liberator, Urza's Battlethopter ($7.27) and Whir of Invention ($5.61).
What should I cut from Keen Engineering?
The weakest cards for this commander are Fall from Favor, Propaganda and Spire Golem. The guide explains the reason for every cut, and swaps each one for a card that scores higher.
Which cards should I keep in Keen Engineering?
Keep Etherium Sculptor, Foundry Inspector, Thopter Spy Network, Steel Overseer and Master of Etherium. These are the cards doing the deck's heavy lifting.
What does Sai do?
Sai, Master Thopterist makes a 1/1 flying Thopter whenever you cast an artifact spell, and for {1}{U} and two sacrificed artifacts she draws a card. The more artifact spells you cast, the more fliers and the more sacrifice fodder you have.
More Foundations Commander upgrade guides
How the numbers work
Inclusion is the share of Sai, Master Thopterist decks (4,460 of them when this was written, 2026-10-27) that play the card. Synergy is how much more often they play it than other decks in the same colours. Oracle score is synergy × 0.6 plus inclusion × 0.4, the same blend The Oracle uses to rank cards for a deck. Lift compares how often the card appears in these decks with how often it could, capped at 8× here; it is shown for context and does not change the score.
Two cautions. Players who run the precon unmodified count as Sai decks, which flatters every card the precon contains. Lift is very high for many Sai cards, such as Chief Engineer, because they are artifact-specific and almost never played outside artifact decks, so use lift to compare cards, not to judge one in isolation. Prices are the cheapest non-foil paper printing on TCGplayer (via Scryfall), in USD, and move daily.













